Three Parameters for Interstellar Contact: Awakening, Reach, and Duration

To the point

Marcelo Lares, José Funes, and Ravi Kopparapu propose a simple three-parameter model of interstellar contact based on when civilizations awaken, how far their signals reach, and how long transmissions last, showing that contact chances rise with more civilizations or longer signals but are most likely when a civilization first starts broadcasting, and that a broad, multi‑technology search beyond radio—like neutrinos or gravitational waves—could increase the odds of detection.