Europa's Subsurface Ocean, the Planetary Battery, and the 2030s Biosignature Stack: A Data-Driven Exploration under COSPAR Constraints
To the point
Galileo data and Tara Regio observations point to a salty subsurface ocean beneath Europa’s ice, and future missions like Europa Clipper and JUICE will map the surface and interior to search for a multi-instrument biosignature stack (MASPEX, SUDA) while drilling remains prohibited by COSPAR rules.
