A Geometric Drake-like Framework for Passive SETI: Quantifying Galactic Signal Detectability and the Fermi Paradox

To the point

A simple geometric framework tied to the Drake equation shows that the chance of detecting at least one galactic signal grows with the number of communicative civilizations, suggesting a high likelihood of detection if signals reach across the Milky Way, while acknowledging the model is deliberately simplified and rests on many uncertain assumptions.

Quantifying The Fermi Paradox Via Passive SETI: A General Framework - Astrobiology
astrobiology.com

Quantifying The Fermi Paradox Via Passive SETI: A General Framework - Astrobiology

In this paper we consider the extent to which a lack of observations from SETI may be used to quantify the Fermi paradox.