Drake Equation Doubt: 38% Chance Humans Are the Only Intelligent Life in the Visible Universe

To the point

Researchers link the Drake Equation to doubt about alien life, arguing at about 38% certainty that humans may be the only intelligent beings in the visible universe, while the Oxford Future of Humanity Institute offers two ranges—38–85% for being alone in the visible universe and 53–99.6% for being alone in our galaxy—illustrating how unknown variables and SETI history (like Project Ozma) create substantial uncertainty, a view echoed by a 2018 arXiv publication.