Europa's Subsurface Ocean: Tidal Heating, Hydrothermal Energy, and the Search for Life

To the point

Europa probably has a salty ocean beneath its ice, heated mainly by tides, with possible hydrothermal activity that could support life from chemical energy, similar ideas apply to Enceladus and Mars, and the Europa Clipper mission is planned for 2030 to study the ice shell and ocean to assess habitability.

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Frontiers | Europa’s ocean: potential for extraterrestrial chemoautotrophy
frontiersin.org

Frontiers | Europa’s ocean: potential for extraterrestrial chemoautotrophy

The search for extraterrestrial life has historically focused on photosynthetic organisms but following the discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents on Earth...