Earthlike Plate Tectonics and Ocean–Continental Balance as Constraints on the Drake Equation and the Fermi Paradox

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According to Stern and Gerya, intelligent life on rocky planets likely requires both plate tectonics and a mix of oceans and continents, which would reduce the chance that life evolves into an intelligent civilization by at least 500 times and put the overall probability of those conditions at about 0.002, with future telescopes able to test these ideas.

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Finding evidence of complex life elsewhere in the Milky Way galaxy hinges on locating rocky planets with plate tectonics and a mixture of landmasses and oceans, new research suggests.