A Monte Carlo Testbed for Galactic SETI: Exploring Panspermia, Rare Life, and Tortoise-and-Hare in a Milky Way–like Galaxy

To the point

D.H. Forgan presents a Monte Carlo–based testbed that builds a Milky Way–like galaxy by sampling stars, planetary systems, and biology, tests three life-origin hypotheses—Panspermia, Rare Life, and Tortoise and Hare—and estimates how often life and intelligent civilizations arise and how detectable their signals would be, with results showing inhabited worlds tend to orbit low-mass stars and signal lifetimes tracking the host star’s lifetime under each scenario.